CNC-Rodrigo

# Welcome to Subtractive manufacture
###  the art of Computer Numerical Control (CNC)

<p>by<a href="http://archive.fabacademy.org/2017/fablabseoul/students/211/about.html"> Rodrigo Diaz</a> </p>

???
Comments:  <br>
Ask if they have ever learn any digitl fabricartion tool before.
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### Course

#### Day 1, Introduction
  - Intro to subtractive technology
  - EndMills and Cutting theory
  - Understanding Chip Load

#### Day 2, Designing
   - Intro to Fusion 360
   - Parametric Design
   - Designing for CNC tips.

#### Day 3, Tool Path
   - Understanding toolpath
   - 2.0 and 2.5 tool Path (cuts, pockets and holes)
   - How to Vcarce or Fusion 360 CAM

#### Day 4, Cutting
   - Practicing and Safety education

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# CAD & CAM
CAD: Computer Aided Designing. <br>
 CAM: Computer Aided Machining.

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# What is Digital Fabrication?

### After digitalizing an idea into a drawing using a CAD software, the format can be read and be process in a machine to obtain a product.

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# CNC Router

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# Powerful and Easy to use

## Very popular in Maker Spaces.

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# Carve almost anything

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# Make almost anything

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# Make almost anything

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# Make almost anything

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# Why CNC?

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# Accuracy Vs Precision
###Accuracy : Acceptable results within a margin <br>
###Precision: repeat-ability of a measurement for several times

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# 3 Axis cnc

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# 4 Axis CNC
Control by X- Y – Z and a rotating axis

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# Possibilities

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# 5 Axis CNC
Control by X-Y-Z-A-B

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# Robot Arm
Continuous 3D carving using 6 Degrees of freedom

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# Multi Axis control ( very expensive)

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# Lathe + CNC machining

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# 3 axis CNC

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# Router

###- works base on Manual rpm
###- Can only cut soft material like wood,<br> foam, acrylic
###- Cheaper than a Spindle
###- Upgredeable

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# Router

###- Quiter
###- More horse power
###- Precision bearing (Smoother cuts)
###- Commercial quality
###- Variable speed, controlled by software

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<div> Collets: <br>
A Router bit is held in the router using a Collet.
The collet is design to hold a bit with much more force than
 a typical drill chuck collets, for high end tolls (spindles) are design
 to be switch rapidly, so are automatic and could take few seconds
</div>

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Correct way of introducing and endmill should have a finger width distance between the cutting fluts and the collet,
Important: Always keep your collets clean

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# Automatic Lubing

###- Powerful
###- Expensive, cooling fluids, water or Air
###- Better finishing
###- Expensive, cooling fluids, water or Air
###- Dirty, needs to filter the liquids

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# Manual Lubing

###- Cheap
###- Clean
###- Less powerful, soft metal <br> and composite only.

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Every job is unique; therefore, it needs a unique approach.
Better knowledge of the tool better result you will get.

<img src="img/050.jpg" width="700"  >
They determine the kind of carving you do, the resolution of your finishing and how fast you can move through the material.

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Shape matters

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# Drill Bits VS EndMill
  Drill Bit: Are design to plunge into the material to create wholes <br>
  End Mills: Are design to cut/carve using horizontal forces

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# Ramping like a boss
End are not usually design to plunge in to the material, that’s why in the cutting
setting is recommendable to add a “Ramp” to increase the life of the tool.

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# Flat End mill characteristics
Understanding the characteristics of an end mill will help you to use the tool at its best.

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# Flat EndMills
Step Over: from 10% on metal to 50% of the cutting diameter for Woods <br>
Step Down: from 10% on metal to 50% of the cutting diameter for Woods

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# Ballnose EndMills

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# Ballnose EndMills
Step Over/Step Down: 10% of the cutting diameter

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# Understanding Feeds and Speeds
“Just like PacMan, the faster the jaw movement, the more it can eat!”

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# Understanding Feeds and Speeds
### **Spindle speed** : measure on RPM (revolutions per minute) <br>
### **Feed Rate**: Horizontal Movement trough the material <br>
### **Step Down**: step down for cutting a material (usually 50% of the cut dia) <br>
### **Step Over**: Horizontal movement when pocketing an area (50% cutting dia) <br>
### **Flutes**: Cutting wings

### _“Master this concept and you will be a master of cutting”_

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# Understanding Feeds and Speeds
<img src="img/063.jpg" style=" margin-right: 100px;  width:600px">

<div style="width: 400px; float: left; margin-right: 100px; margin-top: 0px">
The chip load is a measurement of  the thickness of material
 removed by each cutting edge during a cut. This is a valuable piece of information
   which can then be used to calculate    new set ups.
</div>

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# Understanding Feeds and Speeds
### **Geometry of the Cutter** : up cut, Flat Mill -20%, Down-Cut -40% of feed rate.  <br>
### **Picth of Sound**: Not too high pitch not too low, high pitch means that the RPM is too high and need a higher feed speed and vice versa.
### **Chip Size**: Grainy but not powder
### **EndMill Temperature**: warm to the touch but not hot. <br>

### _“Ajust the RPM or the Feed rate value to get the best finishing without burning/breaking the EndMill”_

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# Holding like a Boss
#### **Vacum Table** : Uses a suction air to maintain the material fixed to the sacrificial board.

<div style="width: 400px; float: left; margin-right: 500px; margin-top: 10px">
<ul>1. Expensive</ul>
<ul>2. More area can be use </ul>
<ul>3. Difficult Maintenance </ul>
<ul>4. For large pieces </ul>

</div>
<div style=" width: 100px; float: right; margin-right: 150px; margin-top: -200px">
<img src="img/069.jpg" height="200">
</div>

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# Holding like a Boss
#### **Clamp Table** : Uses a clamp hold to the slot on the bed..

<div style="width: 400px; float: left; margin-right: 500px; margin-top: 10px">
<ul>1. Need to have a bed with slots</ul>
<ul>2. Easy to use and Cheap </ul>
<ul>3. Uses more space on the material </ul>
<ul>4. Need to be careful no to hit the clamps </ul>

</div>
<div style=" width: 100px; float: right; margin-right: 150px; margin-top: -200px">
<img src="img/070.jpg" height="200">
</div>

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# Holding like a Boss
#### **Screws** : Using flat screws to hold down the material.

<div style="width: 400px; float: left; margin-right: 500px; margin-top: 10px">
<ul>1. Cheap</ul>
<ul>2. Flexible </ul>
<ul>3. Easy to Use </ul>
<ul>4. little waste </ul>
<ul>4. Caution! dont crush with the screws </ul>

</div>
<div style=" width: 100px; float: right; margin-right: 150px; margin-top: -200px">
<img src="img/072.jpg" height="200">
</div>

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# Holding like a Boss
#### **Double side tape** : Double side tape: Use double side tape to hold the lateral movement.

<div style="width: 400px; float: left; margin-right: 500px; margin-top: 10px">
<ul>1. easy</ul>
<ul>2. Adaptive</ul>
<ul>3. Not strong hold </ul>
<ul>4. When not bending the material is more important </ul>

</div>
<div style=" width: 100px; float: right; margin-right: 150px; margin-top: -200px">
<img src="img/074.jpg" height="200">
</div>

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# Holding like a Boss
#### **Vice clamp** : use to hold hard material due to the force generated by the milling.

<div style="width: 400px; float: left; margin-right: 500px; margin-top: 10px">
<ul>1. Expensive</ul>
<ul>2. Usually used for metal milling</ul>
<ul>3. Sometimes it need mold to cut opposite side </ul>
<ul>4. Dangerous if not done properly </ul>

</div>
<div style=" width: 100px; float: right; margin-right: 150px; margin-top: -200px">
<img src="img/077.jpg" height="200">
</div>

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# Holding like a boss
### **Tabs** : due to the strong forces that the material is going through tabs are necessary to hold the piece in place.

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# Designing for CNC wood Joints
### Since the endmill is round when cutting inside you have to take in consideration the gap that between the axis of the endmill and the corner.

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# Woods
### Wood also will influence the feed and speeds that you need to use, and for laminated wood End Mills are crucial for a good finishing.

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# Safety
### No hanging cloth, jewelry or hair, gloves and not necessary for power tools. Only eyes and ears protection

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# Q&A

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### MORE

#### CAD TUtorials
  - Intro to Vcarve
  - Intro to Fusion360 CAM
  - How to Mirho CNC 4 axis Indexing Cutting
  - get ready for more!
  - Testing Git For Sam!